Along with that, MST is capable of the correct identification of alcoholics from 79% to 100%, non-alcoholics from 36% to 95% (Murdoch, n.d.)
In therapeutic doses, it causes decrease of the minute volume of pulmonary ventilation, mainly due to the decrease in the frequency of breathing without causing a noticeable effect on tidal volume. When exposed to toxic doses of morphine, the volume of pulmonary ventilation is reduced drastically. Contrary to morphine, tramadol at recommended doses practically does not inhibit breathing. Nonetheless, these phenomena are not excluded in the drug overdose or while treatment of agents acting on the central nervous system. Unlike morphine, tramadol has no effect on the gastrointestinal motility (Freynhagen & Bennett, 2009).
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Morphine has a strong analgesic action. The force of this effect is 7.5 times less compared with morphine. According to Aronson, “Drug use in the 24 hours averaged 800 mg for tramadol and 40 mg for morphine” (2009, p. 156). After the oral intake of tramadol or morphine, they are almost completely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Metabolites of morphine and tramadol are output mainly with urine. Tramadol and morphine are excreted by kidneys. Both analgesics are used in severe acute and chronic pains, postoperative periods, traumas, cancer patients, etc. Both drugs are forbidden to take with MAO inhibitors and now have numerous negative effects. In his book, Aronson states, “In a comparison of the analgesic effects of intermittent boluses of tramadol or morphine after abdominal surgery in 523 patients, tramadol caused more adverse effects (43 versus 34%), although the difference was not statistically significant” (2009, p. 156).
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